http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/857 Thu, 09 Apr 2026 23:46:38 GMT 2026-04-09T23:46:38Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1004 A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF 21STCENTURY STUDENTS LEARNING OUTCOMES FOR EDUCATIONAL REFORMS IN KENYAN UNIVERSITIES Muiru, A.W. The 21st century student learning outcomes areskills, knowledge and expertise that they should master to succeed in the ever changing global work environment. Through this process the students should demonstrate, Information and Communication Technology Literacy, Critical Thinking/ Problem Solving and Communication skills, Collaborative approaches to solving multisectoral global problems, Global Awareness, Citizenship and efficacy in Self- Management. Thus,whereas, English, mathematics, social studies, and science used to define the educational landscape, the world has changed and the core subjects changed to English, reading or language arts; mathematics; science; foreign languages; civics; government; economics; arts; history; and geography to reflect the demands of 21st century workplaces and communities making a foreign language, economics and geography to be the “new basics”. Thus besides the rigorous background students should in addition possess the skills listed above to survive in the ever changing dynamic world and will be assessed on these learning outcomes through their high school tertiary and University education to acquire the required proficiency in the 21st century. Wed, 01 Mar 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1004 2023-03-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/982 Effect of Internal (Psychological) and Marketing Factors on Amount of Money Spent on Secondhand Clothes and Retail Market Choice in Kenya Hannah Wambugu; Evelyn Maina Although second-hand clothing market has a long history, its economic impact and worldwide significance rose in the early 1990s as a result of the deregulation of many emerging economies and rising demand from different countries (Brooks & David, 2012). As a result, second-hand clothing has become one of the most important tradeable commodities and a means of advancing the interests of the West. Trade agreements involving secondhand clothing have often been employed by the United States as a bargaining chip to achieve its objectives (Hansen, 2014). For instance, the US has utilized competitive pricing of cotton and wool fabrics, as well as ready-to-wear garments, to significantly reduce the attractiveness of second-hand clothing in domestic markets. Consequently, the export of second-hand clothing, particularly to Africa, has become an increasingly crucial component of trade (Nordas,2004). Kenya is one of the major importers of secondhand clothes in Africa because of the growing demand, which is driven by low priced charged on this commodity. Many Kenyans are now importing secondhand directly from the source, then selling in large quantity to retailers, who later sells to the final consumers. This has led to a huge influx of hawkers of secondhand clothes in the streets of all big cities in Kenya, which has contributed to congestion in those cities. Although the growth in secondhand clothes has been attributed to affordability, there is need to investigate other marketing factors that may be contributing to this growth. Psychological (internal) factors could also be playing a role, whereby what is in the consumer ‘psyche’ pulling the consumers behaviour towards secondhand clothes, and this needed to be investigated. The purpose of this paper was therefore to investigate whether psychological (internal) factors and marketing factors influences consumer behavior towards secondhand clothes in Kenya in terms of amount spent on secondhand clothes and the choice of retailers. This study adopted both descriptive and exploratory research design. The target population of this study was 15,513 million respondents from 7 counties with the highest population. A sample of 384 respondents was used, and data was collected using structured questionnaires. Findings of the study revealed that there exists a significant relationship between internal factors and consumer behavior in terms of amount of money spent on secondhand clothes. There is also higher association with the probability of buying from open markets than from other forms of markets. and the probability of choosing open market retailers compared to other form of retailers. Results further indicated that there exists a significant relationship between internal factors and consumer behavior in terms of amount of money spent on secondhand clothes in kenya. Except for lifestyle, the other marketing factors had shown a higher association with the probability of buying from open markets than from other forms of markets. The study shall contribute practically to textile manufacturers who shall understand the reasons why consumers are buying secondhand clothes. By understanding the influence of internal and marketing factors on consumer behavior towards secondhand clothes, they will, have to adjust their marketing strategies accordingly in order to meet customers’ needs Sat, 01 Apr 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/982 2023-04-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/980 Situational Factors And Consumer Behavior Towards Secondhand Clothes In Kenya Ann Kwamboka Orangi; Hannah Wambugu; Evelyne Maina There has been increased demand for secondhand clothes globally, a trend attributed to the global economic crisis, and comparatively low prices for those products in comparison with new garments. In Africa, there are millions of hawkers selling secondhand clothes in major cities and in local open markets in the rural areas. The purpose of the study is to determine whether situational factors have significant effect on the probability of consumers of secondhand clothes choosing open market retailers among other retailers in Kenya. This study adopted both descriptive and exploratory research design. Target population of this study was 15,513 respondents from 7 counties with the highest population according to Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2019) population census. A sample of 384 respondents was selected using Krejcie & Morgan (1979) formula. Structured questionnaires were used to collect primary data from the selected respondents. All the situational factors identified for the study had significant effect on the consumer behavior in terms of the amount of money spent on secondhand clothes. The findings from the binary logit regression analysis revealed that time of purchase (end month) was associated with high probability of buying from open markets (including streets) than if the customers are buying during other times, and the association was significant. Results further indicated that, density (market crowding) was associated with low probability of buying second hand clothes from the open market than consumers consumer who rates them as of low density (less crowded, and the association was significant. It can also be observed from the results that, atmospherics (favourable) was associated with high probability of buying second hand clothes from the open market than if the consumers who considered atmospherics otherwise but the association was insignificant. Companionship was also associated with higher probability of buying from open markets including streets compared to if the consumers are not accompanied during shopping, and the association was significant. Second hand retailers would benefit from this study in that, the information generated would help them to understand drivers of consumers’ behavior towards second hand clothes. This understanding would assist them when designing the marketing strategy of their clothes in order to maximize profits Mon, 01 May 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/980 2023-05-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/976 Up-Grading and Enhancing Sustainable Linkages Of Rwanda’s Tourism Value Chains: Opportunities and Bottlenecks Odunga Pius1, Manyara Geoffrey, Atieno Lucy The Rwandan government’s Economic Development and Poverty Reduction S4trategy II (EDPRS 2, 2013-2018) highlights enhancement of connectivity and linkages within the country’s economy as one of the priority areas for economic transformation. In the highlights, emphasis is put on the need for deepening the integration of key value chains of the economy. After a comprehensive analysis of Rwanda’s global competitiveness, tourism was identified as one of the key sectors that would spur economic development in the country. Important as it is, however, the linkage of this sector to the rest of the economy was found to be weak and hence compromises on its ability to deliver on certain targets as expected. This paper thus identifies opportunities as well as the bottlenecks within tourism value chains in Rwanda and recommends possible solutions. A questionnaire survey was used to obtain data related to visitor expenditure, targeting visitors at land border points and Kigali International airport. Focus group discussions were also conducted in gathering data on value chains analysis and identification of intervention programs that would remove any bottlenecks in the system. Fri, 01 Jun 2018 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/976 2018-06-01T00:00:00Z