http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1028 2026-04-09T23:46:54Z 2026-04-09T23:46:54Z Ngumbi E Thuo S, Wasike J. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1089 2024-04-25T12:31:44Z 2024-03-01T00:00:00Z

Effects of Prolonged Climate Change (20-30 Years): Employing GESI and Other Resilience Measures Ngumbi E Thuo S, Wasike J. The effects of prolonged climate change in arid and semi-arid regions (ASAL) of Kenya are of significant concern at both national and global levels. Over the span of 20-30 years, these changes present profound challenges to ecosystems, societies, and economies, including rising temperatures, environmental shifts, biodiversity loss, extreme weather events, sea level rise, food and water insecurity, natural disasters, health risks, displacement, economic disruptions, geopolitical instability, and cultural loss. Despite these challenges, many population groups lack the adaptive capacity to cope effectively with climate-related impacts. This paper employs a literature review methodology to underscore the challenges posed by prolonged climate change effects in Kenya's ASAL regions and proposes resilience measures that communities can adopt to mitigate these effects. Urgent and ambitious action is essential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, enhance resilience, and adapt to climate change, thereby minimizing its severity and safeguarding the well-being of present and future generations. The authors advocate for the implementation of Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) measures as a crucial step in addressing climate change. GESI-responsive climate interventions aim to meet the specific needs of community members in a contextual manner. These considerations are vital for ensuring that climate policies, programs, and projects are equitable, effective, and sustainable. Discriminatory practices in climate governance often marginalize women, children, the elderly, persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples, and other marginalized communities, despite their heightened vulnerability to climate impacts due to existing gender disparities and social inequalities.

2024-03-01T00:00:00Z Muriithi J. G., Muigai R.G. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1088 2024-04-25T12:26:08Z 2024-03-01T00:00:00Z

Internal Control Systems and Financial Performance of Companies Listed in Nairobi Securities Exchange Muriithi J. G., Muigai R.G. Internal control systems involve various methods and measures taken by the organization to safeguard assets, check the accuracy of the financial reports, execute the managerial policies and enhance operational efficiency in order to achieve their financial objectives. The study sought to determine how internal control systems influence the financial performance of Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) listed companies in Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to determine the effect of risk assessment, internal control environment and internal control of information systems on financial performance of the listed companies in NSE. The study adopted descriptive research design. The target population comprised 63 listed companies in NSE as at 31st March 2023. A sample of 39 companies was drawn from the target population using stratified random sampling technique. The study used primary data collected using structured questionnaires. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. Results were presented using tables and charts. The study found that all the internal control systems considered in the study had a positive and significant influence on the financial performance of the listed companies in NSE. The study recommended the need for the management to determine and implement the optimal combination of effective and efficient internal control mechanisms in order to improve performance of these firms.

2024-03-01T00:00:00Z Ngari, C. W. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1087 2024-04-25T12:18:13Z 2024-03-01T00:00:00Z

Modeling Dynamics of Cholera a Perspective of Blood Groups, Treatment and Optimal Control Ngari, C. W. Vibrio cholerae, an infectious bacterium prevalent in regions with limited access to safe water and sanitation facilities, is the causative agent of cholera, a highly transmissible disease. This study delves into the impact of medication and blood groupings on cholera dynamics through mathematical modeling. Various mathematical frameworks concerning cholera transmission have been previously proposed and examined. For instance, Faruque et al. (2006) explored how bacteriophages can mitigate cholera epidemics. Notably, individuals with blood type O are most susceptible to the disease, while those with blood type AB exhibit higher resistance. Investigating the influence of blood groups on cholera transmission patterns is a primary objective. Model analysis reveals that when the basic reproduction number exceeds unity, the disease-free equilibrium is asymptotically stable both locally and globally, while the endemic equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable. Three control strategies—disease prevention, therapy, and screening—are employed to address the optimal control problem. Cost-effectiveness analysis of these control measures suggests that a combined approach involving prevention, treatment, and screening is the most economical intervention strategy against the cholera pandemic. Numerical simulations conducted using MATLAB software illustrate the impact of blood type on cholera propagation, highlighting severe illness among individuals belonging to certain blood groups during outbreaks. Proper treatment of individuals with blood group O can significantly reduce mortality and the transmission rate of cholera.

2024-03-01T00:00:00Z Mbisi A., Ngari D.M., Kinoti T., Njogu T. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1086 2024-04-25T12:07:49Z 2024-03-01T00:00:00Z

The Level of Knowledge and Practice of Secondary Prevention Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Selected Healthcare Facilities in Meru County, Kenya Mbisi A., Ngari D.M., Kinoti T., Njogu T. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease of multiple etiologies that results from a deficit in insulin production, insulin action or both. Diabetes affects millions of people globally and is among the chronic diseases that take a huge toll on human health as well as resources, and regardless of this, the condition continues to face neglect by individuals, communities and states. The disorder is associated with significant disability, premature deaths and enormous medical costs often resulting from the chronic complications. Chronic complications of diabetes result from inadequate secondary prevention practices and they include both microvascular and macrovascular complications affecting the kidneys, eyes, neurons, heart, and the circulation. Upon diagnosis with T2DM, secondary preventive practices are fundamental in the prevention of the occurrence of chronic complications. However, inadequate knowledge on these measures among the patients and healthcare providers has been indicated as a major reason for the development of complications. Thus, the study sought to assess the level of knowledge and practice of the secondary prevention among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at Consolata Nkubu and Meru Level Five Hospital in Meru County. A descriptive correlational study design was adopted to collect data from 357 purposively sampled participants with T2DM using questionnaires and Focus Group Discussion Guide. Quantitative data was analyzed at 95% confidence interval and a significance level p≤0.05. Most respondents had T2DM for 5-10 years and the main co-morbidity that affected 79% of the respondents was hypertension. The last BP measurements for most respondents was >140/90mmHg and blood glucose level of >7.8mmol/L with 53.7% having a BMI score of more than 25 kg/m2. Concerning secondary prevention 70.6% (n=250) did foot examination during every visit, 56.5% (n=200) had their eyes examined annually, 26% (n=92) had urine checks annually, 18.9% (n=67) had body cholesterol level check-up regularly and 69.5% (n=246) had regular blood pressure monitoring. The mean score was 48.3% and SD was 30.1. Most respondents had overall poor knowledge of prevention practices. Knowledge level significantly influenced T2DM secondary prevention at a p value ≤0.05. Measures to improve the knowledge and practice of secondary disease prevention should be instigated.

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